Malaria during pregnancy and transplacental transfer of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) antibodies: a cohort study of Kenyan mother and child pairs
Background: Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seroprevalence in sub-Saharan African kids can vary as much as 50% by age 2 years however components affecting early age of KSHV an infection should not effectively understood. Malaria throughout being pregnant has been related to hindered transplacental switch of antibodies to a number of pathogens however whether or not it impacts transplacental switch of KSHV antibodies is unknown. We aimed to find out if in utero malaria publicity decreased the switch of KSHV antibodies throughout the placenta.
Strategies: A cohort examine in Kisumu, Kenya enrolled pregnant ladies at their first antenatal clinic (ANC) go to and adopted them via supply. We included 70 KSHV-positive, HIV-negative moms and their kids. KSHV antibody ranges have been measured by ELISA (K8.1, ORF73) and multiplex assay. Transplacental switch of antibodies was measured by the wire to maternal blood ratio (CMR) of KSHV antibodies. Malaria throughout being pregnant was outlined as detection of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) DNA at any ANC go to or supply. Amongst ladies with malaria throughout being pregnant, we examined time of final malaria an infection previous to supply and malaria incidence fee.
Outcomes: KSHV seroprevalence (constructive for K8.1 or ORF73 by ELISA) amongst pregnant ladies was 88%. Neither malaria throughout being pregnant, malaria an infection timing, nor MIR have been related to maternal supply KSHV antibody blood ranges. Maternal supply and twine blood KSHV antibody ranges have been extremely correlated however these correlations didn’t differ by malaria throughout being pregnant. KSHV transplacental antibody switch was not related to malaria throughout being pregnant, malaria an infection timing, nor MIR.
Conclusions: Malaria throughout being pregnant doesn’t seem to have an effect on switch of KSHV antibodies throughout the placenta.
Dynamic modifications in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies throughout SARS-CoV-2 an infection and restoration from COVID-19
Deciphering the dynamic modifications in antibodies in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 is important for understanding the immune response in COVID-19 sufferers. Right here we analyze the laboratory findings of 1,850 sufferers to explain the dynamic modifications of the whole antibody, spike protein (S)-, receptor-binding area (RBD)-, and nucleoprotein (N)-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) ranges throughout SARS-CoV-2 an infection and restoration. The era of S-, RBD-, and N-specific IgG happens one week later in sufferers with extreme/essential COVID-19 in comparison with sufferers with gentle/average illness, whereas S- and RBD-specific IgG ranges are 1.5-fold greater in extreme/essential sufferers throughout hospitalization. The RBD-specific IgG ranges are 4-fold greater in older sufferers than in youthful sufferers throughout hospitalization.
As well as, the S- and RBD-specific IgG ranges are 2-fold greater within the recovered sufferers who’re SARS-CoV-2 RNA damaging than those that are RNA constructive. Decrease S-, RBD-, and N-specific IgG ranges are related to a decrease lymphocyte proportion, greater neutrophil proportion, and an extended period of viral shedding. Sufferers with low antibody ranges on discharge would possibly thereby have a excessive probability of being examined constructive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA after restoration. Our examine gives necessary data for COVID-19 analysis, remedy, and vaccine growth.
Throughout the coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many international locations skilled an infection in healthcare staff (HCW) resulting from overburdened healthcare techniques. Nevertheless, whether or not contaminated HCW purchase protecting immunity in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 is unclear. Right here, we characterised SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in Norwegian HCW in a potential cohort examine.
A randomized, multicentre, open-label section II proof-of-concept trial investigating the medical efficacy and security of the addition of convalescent plasma to the usual of care in sufferers hospitalized with COVID-19: the Donated Antibodies Working in opposition to nCoV (DAWn-Plasma) trial
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed an infinite burden on well being care techniques all over the world. Up to now, the administration of convalescent plasma of sufferers having recovered from SARS and extreme influenza to sufferers actively having the illness confirmed promising results on mortality and appeared secure. Whether or not or not this additionally holds true for the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is at present unknown.
Strategies: DAWn-Plasma is a multicentre nation-wide, randomized, open-label, section II proof-of-concept medical trial, evaluating the medical efficacy and security of the addition of convalescent plasma to the usual of care in sufferers hospitalized with COVID-19 in Belgium. Sufferers hospitalized with a confirmed analysis of COVID-19 are eligible when they’re symptomatic (i.e. medical or radiological indicators) and have been recognized with COVID-19 within the 72 h earlier than examine inclusion via a PCR (nasal/nasopharyngeal swab or bronchoalveolar lavage) or a chest-CT scan displaying options suitable with COVID-19 within the absence of an alternate analysis. Sufferers are randomized in a 2:1 ratio to both customary of care and convalescent plasma (energetic remedy group) or customary of care solely. The energetic remedy group receives 2 items of 200 to 250 mL of convalescent plasma inside 12 h after randomization, with a second administration of two items 24 to 36 h after ending the primary administration. The trial goals to incorporate 483 sufferers and can recruit from 25 centres throughout Belgium. The first endpoint is the proportion of sufferers that require mechanical air flow or have died at day 15. The primary secondary endpoints are medical standing on day 15 and day 30 after randomization, as outlined by the WHO Development 10-point ordinal scale, and security of the administration of convalescent plasma.
Description: MIP-3 is a CC chemokine that signals through the CCR1 receptor. MIP-3 chemoattracts monocytes, resting T-lymphocytes and neutrophils, but does not chemoattract activated lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-3 has been shown to inhibit colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant human MIP-3 is an 11.3 kDa protein containing 99 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: MIP-3β is a CC chemokine, expressed in the thymus, lymph nodes, and in activated bone marrow stromal cells that signals through the CCR7 receptor. MIP-3β is a chemoattractant for T and B lymphocytes, and myeloid progenitor cells. Human MIP-3β is active on murine cells. Recombinant Murine MIP-3β is a 9.2 kDa protein containing 83 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: MIP-3β is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the thymus, lymph nodes and in activated bone marrow stromal cells and signals through the CCR7 receptor. MIP-3β is a chemoattractant for T and B lymphocytes and myeloid progenitor cells. Human MIP-3β is active on mouse cells. Recombinant human MIP-3β is an 8.8 kDa protein containing 77 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: MIP-3α is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and can signal through the CCR6 receptor. MIP-3α is chemotactic towards lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Human MIP-3α is an 8.0 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: MIP-3α is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and can signal through the CCR6 receptor. MIP-3α is chemotactic towards lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant human MIP-3α is an 8.0 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: CCL23 (MPIF-1, CK8, SCYA23), a member of the CC chemokine family, was originally isolated from a human aortic endothelial cell library and from the human monocytic cell line THP-1. It is most closely related to MIP-1 and interacts with its receptor CCR1, which is expressed on monocytes, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. Functionally, CCL23 has chemotactic activity for monocytes, DC, lymphocytes, neutrophils, osteoclast precursor cells, and endothelial cells. In contrast, CCL23 reduces the proliferation of progenitor cells giving rise to granulocyte and monocyte lineages, whereas it enhances angiogenesis of endothelial cells
Description: CCL23 (MPIF-1, CK8, SCYA23), a member of the CC chemokine family, was originally isolated from a human aortic endothelial cell library and from the human monocytic cell line THP-1. It is most closely related to MIP-1 and interacts with its receptor CCR1, which is expressed on monocytes, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. Functionally, CCL23 has chemotactic activity for monocytes, DC, lymphocytes, neutrophils, osteoclast precursor cells, and endothelial cells. In contrast, CCL23 reduces the proliferation of progenitor cells giving rise to granulocyte and monocyte lineages, whereas it enhances angiogenesis of endothelial cells
Description: CCL23 (MPIF-1, CK8, SCYA23), a member of the CC chemokine family, was originally isolated from a human aortic endothelial cell library and from the human monocytic cell line THP-1. It is most closely related to MIP-1 and interacts with its receptor CCR1, which is expressed on monocytes, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. Functionally, CCL23 has chemotactic activity for monocytes, DC, lymphocytes, neutrophils, osteoclast precursor cells, and endothelial cells. In contrast, CCL23 reduces the proliferation of progenitor cells giving rise to granulocyte and monocyte lineages, whereas it enhances angiogenesis of endothelial cells
Description: CCL19 is a chemokine that belongs to the CC family of growth factors and signals through the CCR7 receptor. CCl19 has been shown to be expressed in the thymus, lymph nodes and in activated bone marrow stromal cells. When anti-inflammatory signals are released, expression of CCL19 gets down-regulated – specifically by IL-10.
Description: CCL19 is a chemokine that belongs to the CC family of growth factors and signals through the CCR7 receptor. CCl19 has been shown to be expressed in the thymus, lymph nodes and in activated bone marrow stromal cells. When anti-inflammatory signals are released, expression of CCL19 gets down-regulated – specifically by IL-10.
Description: Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3/CCL20, also known as liver and activation-regulated chemokine (LARC) or Exodus, is a member of the CC chemokine subfamily initially noted to be expressed in human liver, lung, appendix, and tonsillar crypts. MIP-3 is selectively chemotactic for CD34(+) bone marrow cell-derived immature DCs and CD45RO(+) memory T cells that express the cognate receptor CCR6. MIP-3 produced at sites of inflammation may chemoattract CCR6-expressing immature DCs to the subepithelial region of mucosal surfaces.
Description: Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3/CCL20, also known as liver and activation-regulated chemokine (LARC) or Exodus, is a member of the CC chemokine subfamily initially noted to be expressed in human liver, lung, appendix, and tonsillar crypts. MIP-3 is selectively chemotactic for CD34(+) bone marrow cell-derived immature DCs and CD45RO(+) memory T cells that express the cognate receptor CCR6. MIP-3 produced at sites of inflammation may chemoattract CCR6-expressing immature DCs to the subepithelial region of mucosal surfaces.
Description: MIP-3 is a CC chemokine that signals through the CCR1 receptor. MIP-3 chemoattracts monocytes, resting T-lymphocytes and neutrophils, but does not chemoattract activated lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-3 has been shown to inhibit colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant human MIP-3 is an 11.3 kDa protein containing 99 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: MIP-3 is a CC chemokine that signals through the CCR1 receptor. MIP-3 chemoattracts monocytes, resting T-lymphocytes and neutrophils, but does not chemoattract activated lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-3 has been shown to inhibit colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant human MIP-3 is an 11.3 kDa protein containing 99 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: MIP-3 is a CC chemokine that signals through the CCR1 receptor. MIP-3 chemoattracts monocytes, resting T-lymphocytes and neutrophils, but does not chemoattract activated lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-3 has been shown to inhibit colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant human MIP-3 is an 11.3 kDa protein containing 99 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: CCL23 is a member of CC chemokine family and is encoded by CCL23 gene located on Chr.17 in humans, where near several other CC chemokines. Highly expressed in adult lung, liver, skeletal muscle and pancreas, this protein shows strong chemotactic activity for monocytes, resting T-lymphocytes, and neutrophils, but not for activated lymphocytes. It elicits the effects by binding to CCR1. CCL23 is reported that it can be cleaved into four forms: CCL23 (19-99), CCL23 (22-99), CCL23 (27-99), CCL23 (30-99).
Description: MIP-4 is a CC chemokine that is expressed in lymph nodes, lungs, placenta and bone marrow. MIP-4's primary receptor is unknown. MIP-4 chemoattracts lymphocytes, and has been shown to exert activity on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Human MIP-4 is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: MIP-5 is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle and adrenal gland. MIP-5 primarily signals through he CCR1 receptor, but also has been found to bind to CCR3. MIP-5 is chemotactic towards T cells and monocytes. Recombinant human MIP-5 is a 10.1 kDa protein containing 92 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines
Dialogue: This trial will both present assist or discourage the usage of convalescent plasma as an early intervention for the remedy of hospitalized sufferers with COVID-19 an infection.